Artium PDI-FP 双量程可机载飞行探头

胺水溶液喷雾吸收和液滴分布数据对于发电厂尾气排放中吸附二氧化碳的研究是非常重要的。吸附过程的效率，效果，和喷雾液滴的表面积，以及喷雾柱的流量关系密切。采用相位多普勒粒子干涉仪，可以实时检测喷雾柱中某个位置的液滴的粒径和速度。可以用于研究表征胺水溶液吸附二氧化碳过程。

用美国Artium Technologies公司的相位多普勒粒子分析仪PDI，在中试规模上进行浓缩哌嗪（对二氮己环）喷雾液滴粒径和速度分布测量。

采用紧凑型相位多普勒粒子干涉仪PDI-200MD测量SO2洗涤塔中的液滴速度和粒径，结合CFD分析，优化洗涤塔性能。

胺洗工艺中气溶胶的清除是一项重要的指标。相位多普勒粒子干涉仪可以准确地在线测量气溶胶粒径，速度和浓度。对于是优化工业过程的重要而有效的工具

Current liquid propellants are either cryogenic (storage constraints), either extremely toxic (handling problem). For this purpose, alternative storable propellant are currently being investigated in this work. The sprays generated by a like-impingement configuration have to be ignited. Because the couple of propellants chosen is non hypergolic, the energy of ignition was brought by a torch igniter. The injection conditions of both the propellants and the torch proved to be compatible to ignite the reactants quickly and stabilize the combustion downstream of the impingement point.

采用LaVision公司的ParticleMaster-Shadow系统，以及Artium公司的PDI设备对结冰风洞云模拟中的液滴粒径分布进行了测量。测量能力拓展到过冷大液滴。

采用美国Artium公司独家提供的利用激光相位多普勒技术PDI，研制的可吊装在飞机机翼下的飞行探头（PDI-FP），对海洋层积云中细雨的形成和演化过程进行了现场的观测和研究。

采用美国Artium Technologies公司的机载相位多普勒粒子干涉仪PDI-FP,可以测量云层中微小水滴的粒径和速度分布。可以测量云层中的液态水含量LWC。

There are many industrial pollutants produced from coal fired power generation plants. Recent legislation is pushing to reduce these emissions. Greenhouse gasses as well as nitrous oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are the targeted pollutants. Governmental legislation outlined by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) guideline is a major thrust.

Sulfur dioxide is the major environmental contaminant that contributes to smog and soot. The reduction of air pollu-tants is a worldwide goal that has become a focus for sustainable environmental development strategies. As emission standards increase, the waste gas cleaning system will be required to adapt or be upgraded. Wet FGD is character-ized as one of the most reliable and effective SO2 removal techniques, with the added benefit of low operating cost. However, implementation and maintenance is considered high. Spray towers are essential elements in the emission cleaning system. Control of the droplets throughout the tower geometry is critical to ensuring maximum reduction and minimal scaling. In order to improve the scrubber, nozzle characteristics and placement must be optimized to reduce the cost of the system implementation and mitigate risks of inadequate pollution removal. A series of large flow rate, hydraulic full and hollow cone injectors were investi-gated for this study. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to examine a standard industrial-size wet scrubber design for injection system optimization. ANSYS Fluent solvers were used with Lagrangian particle tracking meth-od for heat and mass transfer between gas and liquid. The alkaline sorbent material and SO2 reaction was modeled to determine uniformity and efficacy of the system. Surface chemical mechanisms were used to simulate the reaction rate. Drop size, liquid rheology, and injector array layout were examined to achieve SO2 removal above 90%. Wall impingement and flow pattern results were evaluated, due to their impact in minimizing equipment corrosion and plugging.

In 2011, NASA Glenn’s Icing Research Tunnel underwent a major modification to it’s refrigeration plant and heat exchanger. This paper presents the results of the subsequent full cloud calibration. Details of the calibration procedure and results are presented herein. The steps include developing a nozzle transfer map, establishing a uniform cloud, conducting a drop sizing calibration and finally a liquid water content calibration. The goal of the calibration is to develop a uniform cloud, and to build a transfer map from the inputs of air speed, spray bar atomizing air pressure and water pressure to the output of median volumetric droplet diameter and liquid water content.

采用美国Artium公司的机载相位多普勒粒子干涉仪（PDI）飞行探头。测量暖积云中微小水液滴的粒径和速度，并据此得出液态水含量LWC数据。探头悬挂安装在双水獭飞机机翼下。在空中飞行状态下，对云层进行测量。

LaVision公司的3D3C层析粒子成像测试系统(Tomo-PIV)可以获得瞬时三维体空间流动的全场三分量速度矢量场。利用这一结果数据，通过vortex-in-cell (VIC)方法，可以求出流体压力场。

The mass balance of orchard air-blast sprayers has historically been assessed using an array of samplers to capture airborne particles. However, these methods only provide an idea of flux with no other information which is pertinent to understand the movement of droplets and their potential to drift. While droplet analysis for agricultural sprayers has always been conducted in a laboratory setting with the use of laser devices, a new phase Doppler approach is being explored to assess droplet spectra, velocity, and flux in outdoor field conditions. Therefore it is the objective of this study to develop a methodology and the potential limitations for using a phase Doppler system while in a laboratory setting. Due to the expected variability of field conditions as well as the turbulence of orchard sprayers, a computational approach was sought to assess flux from a single scan of a conical spray plume's diameter. Using a constant scanning speed of 0.0079 m/s, a disc core (D1/DC33) hollow cone nozzle was examined at 310, 410, and 520 kPa pressure at five different heights (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm). Computational flux was then compared to the actual flow rate, finding a
3.3% average error with a range of
16.9% and 4.7% illustrating a small underestimation of mass with the phase Doppler which was related to distance and droplet frequency. Further, comparisons were also assessed including pattern/symmetry, droplet spectra, velocity, and the overall number of samples. The proposed methodology indicates potential for the use of phase Doppler technology for in situ measurements of spray equipment using a conical-type spray nozzle, such as that of the orchard air-blast sprayer.

Crude Unit Column Overhead – Corrosion Water is usually injected in the overhead piping to: • Help quench and scrub the overhead vapors • Dilute acids formed • Prevent any salts or acids from forming in the system

High-level Nitrogen oxides (NOx) released to the atmosphere cause health and environmental hazards. Conventional power plants are required to have NOx emission control systems to abide by local environmental regulations. Com-mon post-combustion techniques include selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) techniques. SNCR is a proven technology that can be implemented virtually without affecting existing indus-trial operations with low capital cost. SNCR is a method involving either aqueous ammonia or urea as the reagent injected into flue gas in the boiler/furnace within specific temperature range. This method commonly reduces the emission of NOx by 30-50%. However, high reductions can be achieved by system optimization. Placement within the proper temperature window, distribution within the cross section and residence time of reagent significantly in-fluence performance of an SNCR system. Therefore, spray lance and nozzle design is crucial for assurance of oper-ating efficiency and ammonia utilization. In this paper, an SNCR system in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was studied with using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, as it relates to spray technology. The simulation solves Navier-Stokes equa-tions with heat and mass transfer using ANSYS Fluent SNCR model with Lagrangian multiphase models and spe-cies transport model. CFD was used to diagnose the gas phase behavior and thermal distribution, to determine opti-mal spray placement and maximum penetration. The focus of this work was the parameters of the injection, which were determined based on test data acquired through in-house laboratory equipment. Temperature profile, pollutant reduction, ammonia slippage and wall impingement were used from the CFD results to assist determining the best spray design to achieve the greatest efficiency.

High-level Nitrogen oxides (NOx) released to the atmosphere cause health and environmental hazards. Conventional power plants are required to have NOx emission control systems to abide by local environmental regulations. Com-mon post-combustion techniques include selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) techniques. SNCR is a proven technology that can be implemented virtually without affecting existing indus-trial operations with low capital cost. SNCR is a method involving either aqueous ammonia or urea as the reagent injected into flue gas in the boiler/furnace within specific temperature range. This method commonly reduces the emission of NOx by 30-50%. However, high reductions can be achieved by system optimization. Placement within the proper temperature window, distribution within the cross section and residence time of reagent significantly in-fluence performance of an SNCR system. Therefore, spray lance and nozzle design is crucial for assurance of oper-ating efficiency and ammonia utilization. In this paper, an SNCR system in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was studied with using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, as it relates to spray technology. The simulation solves Navier-Stokes equa-tions with heat and mass transfer using ANSYS Fluent SNCR model with Lagrangian multiphase models and spe-cies transport model. CFD was used to diagnose the gas phase behavior and thermal distribution, to determine opti-mal spray placement and maximum penetration. The focus of this work was the parameters of the injection, which were determined based on test data acquired through in-house laboratory equipment. Temperature profile, pollutant reduction, ammonia slippage and wall impingement were used from the CFD results to assist determining the best spray design to achieve the greatest efficiency.