牛津仪器Azteclive能谱实时元素成像系统

Introduction Application Note As semiconductor devices continue to decrease in size to improve performance and take advantage of advances in fabrication techniques, there is a need to analyse both their structure and chemistry at ever increasing resolution. Typically this requires the use of TEM for metrology and failure analysis. Using ultrahigh resolution FEG-SEM, low kV imaging and the new X-Max® Extreme EDS detector we demonstrate the ability to retain some of this high resolution analysis in the SEM. This allows for better targeting of resources and increased throughput of analysis.

An important part of the research and development of thin-film solar cells is the characterisation of microstructural and compositional properties of the functional layers. For this purpose, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) represent techniques which exhibit spatial resolutions on the nanometer scale but can be, at the same time, applied on large areas of several square millimeters. The application of EDS and EBSD is demonstrated on this example of thin-film solar cells with Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers. While EDS provides elemental distributions even in layers with a nominal thickness of 30-50 nm, EBSD gives not only information of average grain sizes, local orientations and grain boundaries. Moreover, strain distributions within individual grains can be calculated by the evaluation of EBSD patterns recorded on individual grains.

For many materials, the truly important is how they perform and behave under the conditions that they are likely to be exposed to during their use-lifetime. This may be the application of stresses and strains in construction materials, the dielectric properties of ceramics or the corrosion resistance of materials as they are exposed to a variety of atmospheric conditions.

Abstract. This study investigates the changes in radial micro-texture via Kearn’s f-factors during single cold pilger reduction of a titanium Ti-3-2.5 alloy as a result of strain path changes from tooling modifications. EBSD results confirm that the texture intensity as well as the radial f-factors can be increased by modifications of pilgering tooling. In addition a switch between the secondary prism planes which lie normal to the pilger direction in the starting tube to primary prism planes after pilgering has been observed. Material and Experimental The tubes investigated were made from Ti alloy 3Al 2.5V, they were manufactured via hot extrusion and then cold pilgered. The cold pilger process configuration is schematically shown in Figure 1. Two strain paths, shown in the ‘Q‘ factor chart in Figure 2, were used in the manufactiure: texture minimised and texture maximised. They were annealed at 750oC before being cold pilgered and for this investigation they were stress relieved at 530oC for 2 hours prior to EBSD examination. Specimens were extracted from two regions either side of the reduced tube as shown in the schematic Figure 2, mounted in conductive Bakelite and polished mechanically for EBSD examination. The final polish was carried out using vibratory polishes using a mixture of 5:2 colloidal silica, hydrogen peroxide mixture. EBSD examination was conducted using a FEGSEM and OI EBSD Nordlys detector and AZtec Software.

SEM-EDS is the go-to method for the characterisation of many materials and is being used increasingly to meet the characterisation challenges associated with some key areas of polymer research and manufacturing.

A detailed measurement of porosity, connectivity and fluid content is fundamental to the evaluation of a rock’s reservoir potential.

The economic viability of a mine can be determined by the microscopic characteristics of the ore, including the mineral abundance, the grain size and the degree of ore mineral liberation.

Mineral liberation is a critical stage in the production of high quality mineralogical concentrates from their ores. The products (concentrates) must be of a suitable degree of purity for the downstream processes in which they will be used. The original mined ore must be processed via comminution (crushing, grinding and classification) to liberate the desired minerals from it and via concentration (froth flotation, gravity separation, magnetic separation) to enrich the mineral content to the desired level. In order to design, diagnose, monitor and optimise the process, information is needed on the extent to which the valuable mineral grains have been released from the accompanying gangue minerals (degree of liberation) and to which form they are lost in tailings (deportment studies).