Abstract Pure titanium, nickel and carbon powders were mechanically alloyed to synthesize the TiC±Ni cermet powders with ultra®ne microstructures. As a result of milling, formation of the ultra®ne TiC or amorphous Ti±Ni phase were obtained, depending on milling conditions. The effect of milling variables on the synthesizing behaviour of the powders was investigated. The sintered TiC±Ni cermet from the mechanically alloyed powders contained TiC particles of 0.2±1.5 mm in size as compared with those of 3±5 mm for a commercial cermet. The spex-milling technique of the mechanical alloying process turned out to be more effective in the formation of the ®nal cermet microstructure than the ball-milling one. # 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. Keywords: TiC±Ni cermet powders; Mechanical alloying; Spex-milling technique

Abstract In the present work, copper powder (purity—99.7%, grain size—63 Am maximum) was mechanically alloyed with lithium (purity>99%) in a SPEX ball mill. The alloying process was carried out for 15 h under an argon atmosphere using WC containers and stainless steel balls. The alloyed powders were then hot-consolidated by uniaxial hot pressing at different temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 550 jC) for 3 h at a pressure of 90 MPa, again under an argon atmosphere. The compacted samples were then characterized metallurgically, mechanically, and electrically; some of the properties (porosity, hardness, tensile strength, and electrical resistivity) are reported and analyzed in the present paper. The best results were obtained using a consolidation temperature of 400 jC—a condition which led to a microstructure showing low porosity, a hardness significantly higher than the other samples, and a tensile strength very similar to that for OFHC copper compacted in the same manner. The electrical resistivity was found to be small compared with that of other copper alloys used nowadays in large industrial applications. D 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Abstract Amorphous Co2−xFexGe (0:0  x  0:30) alloys were synthesized by direct mechanical alloying of the elemental powders in a SPEX 8000 mixer mill, and their micro-structure and magnetic properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy and dc magnetization measurements. The as-milled alloys showed amaximum in magnetization at substantially high temperatures of about 200–240K and field dependent irreversibility effects, which could be attributed to a superparamagnetic blocking of uncoupled magnetic clusters in a non-magnetic matrix. When the samples were subjected to a heat treatment at 440C for 1 h, the maxima shifted to very low temperatures in the region of 40–45 K. A broadening of the transition as well as shift to lower temperature was observed with increase in the field. This behavior was consistent with a spin glass-like freezing taking place at this temperature, and in agreement with the observations of Zhou and Bakker who synthesized amorphous Co2Ge by mechanical milling of crystalline Co2Ge for long durations of about 240 h. There is also a systematic increase in the spin glass freezing temperature with Fe concentration. Our results imply that the as-milled alloys are superparamagnetic, the heat treatment carried out on the as-milled samples is resulting in homogenous amorphous alloys, and the magnetic behavior is changing from superparamagnetic to spin glass. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Synthesis of nanocrystalline Fe-13at.%B-7at.%Si by mechanical alloying

Synthesis of nanocrystalline Fe-B-Si powders。The synthesis of a nanocrystalline Fe-B-Si alloy by mechanical alloying in a spex mill is investigated .

Abstract In the current study, pure elemental powders of Fe and S were mixed to give the desired compositions of Fe67S33, Fe50S50 and Fe33S67. A SPEX 8000D high-energy ball mill was used to synthesize iron sulfide powders under an Ar-filled atmosphere. The as-milled powders were examined by conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The experimental results showed that mechanochemical reactions occurred during the ball milling process for all the compositions investigated. The Fe1−xS phase was observed at the end of milling. The formation time of the Fe1−xS phase increased with increasing sulfur content. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results revealed that the nearest neighbor bond lengths of the radial distribution function for iron decreased when iron sulfides formed. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) of sulfar K-edges distinguished better the structural evolution of these iron sulfides. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanically induced crystallization of metglas Fe78B13Si9 during cryogenic high energy ball milling

FORMATION OF SUPERSATURATED SOLID SOLUTIONS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

Abstract The mechanical alloying is the most convenient method to produce Mg–Ni alloys. In this study, the effect of ball-to-powder weight ratios and the mechanical alloying time on amorphization of Mg50Ni50 alloy and its thermal stabilities were investigated. Mg50Ni50 alloy has been produced by using Spex 8000 D mixer/mill with different ball-to-powder weight ratios (5:1, 10:1, 20:1). Amorphization times by XRD analysis are found to be 60 h for 5:1 ball-to-powder weight ratio, 10 h for 10:1 ball-to-powder weight ratio and 5 h for 20:1 ball-to-powder weight ratio. The thermal stabilities of amorphous Mg50Ni50 alloys, obtained by different ball-to-powder weight ratios, have been determined and the effect of heating rates on the crystallization temperatures have also been investigated by DSC. The heating rates employed were 5, 10, 15, 20 ◦C/min. During the first crystallization reaction, the amorphous and Mg2Ni intermetallic phases occurred. DSC studies show that increase in heating rates increased the crystallization temperatures for all samples. The apparent activation energies were determined by means of the Kissinger method.  2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Amorphous materials; Mechanical alloying; Hydrogen storage; Crystallization 1. Introduction Mechanical alloying is a solid-state powderprocessing technique that allows to synthesize materials by a high-energy ball milling. This method was first developed by Benjamin and co-workers in 1966 to produce oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys [1,2]. Mechanical alloying has been used to produce various materials such as oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys,

The 8-correction approach has great advantages: it takes the best from the numerical correction methods, and leaves behind most of their inconveniences; it is simple to apply and very accurate; it is particularly well suited to the analysis of industrial products where composition variations are usually not very large. The authors believe that the 8 method will be in common use in the near future. A paper on the analysis of cements appears in this Journal (11); although that paper is not intended to be a typical example of application of the 6 method, it nevertheless shows that the method offers definite advantages in relation with accuracy and simplicity.

Glass bead/x-ray fluorescence spectrometry of the sludge incineration ashes generated in sewage processing was developed for the determination of ten major components (Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3) and five minor elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb). Sewage sludge ashes consisted of rockforming minerals and phosphate crystals that had been used for phosphorus removal. Ash samples were melted and molded with lithium tetraborate to 35 mm diameter glass disks in a Pt–Au crucible. Analytical results of ten major components and five minor elements agreed well with the recommended values of a phosphate rock standard reference material (NIST SRM 694). Elemental compositions of sewage sludge ash from seven sewage-processing plants in Japan were determined using this method. Concentrations of Fe2O3, SiO2, and CaO, along with loss of ignition in sewage sludge ash mutually differed among the sewage-processing plant products. Seasonal variations in concentrations of ten major components and five minor components of ash samples produced from October 2001 to September 2002 were determined using the proposed method. Concentrations of SiO2increased with the inflow of gravel by rainfall, thereby decreasing concentrations of P2O5 originating from excreta and microorganisms. Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract Maize seeds are the major ingredient of commercial pig and poultry feed. Phosphorus in maize seeds exists predominately in the form of phytate. Phytate phosphorus is not available to monogastric animals and phosphate supplementation is required for optimal animal growth. Undigested phytate in animal manure is considered a major source of phosphorus pollution to the environment from agricultural production. Microbial phytase produced by fermentation as a feed additive is widely used to manage the nutritional and environmental problems caused by phytate, but the approach is associated with production costs for the enzyme and requirement of special cares in feed processing and diet formulation. An alternative approach would be to produce plant seeds that contain high phytase activities. We have over-expressed Aspergillus niger phyA2 gene in maize seeds using a construct driven by the maize embryo-specific globulin-1 promoter. Low-copy-number transgenic lines with simple integration patterns were identified. Western-blot analysis showed that the maize-expressed phytase protein was smaller than that expressed in yeast, apparently due to different glycosylation. Phytase activity in transgenic maize seeds reached approximately 2,200 units per kg seed, about a 50-fold increase compared to non-transgenic maize seeds. The phytase expression was stable across four generations. The transgenic seeds germinated normally. Our results show that the phytase expression lines can be used for development of new maize hybrids to improve phosphorus availability and reduce the impact of animal production on the environment

Abstract Generation of an indexed, saturated, insertional-mutant library is an aid to understanding the functions of genes in an organism. However, 10 years of work by many investigators have not yet yielded such a library in rice. The major reason is that determining the chromosomal locations of a very large number of random insertion mutants by flanking sequence analysis is highly labor intensive, and therefore, libraries that do exist have not been indexed. We report here an efficient procedure to construct an indexed, region-specific, insertional-mutant library of rice. The procedure makes use of efficient long-PCR-based high-throughput indexing, coupled with a random but anchored population of Ds transposants. Long-PCR indexing allows rapid and simultaneous determination of the chromosomal locations of a large number of mutants that surround a particular anchor line, thus converting a random library into an indexed one. Such a library can be used directly, without the need to screen a large random library for a desired mutant plant. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SPEX GENO最新应用-美国环保署USEPA和食品药物管理局USFDA LC/MS/MS测试 食品残留农药样品处理（食品安全技术突破） * 利用GENO/Grinder萃取器来增快残留农药，霜脲氰(Cymoxanil)的LC/MS/MS分析之样品处理 * 一般方法一天八小时只能做八个样品(需20多个步骤处理) * 用杜邦方法一天八小时可以做十六个样品(涉及10个步骤处理) * 但用GENO/Grinder萃取器却可一天八小时轻易做出三十二个样品(只要3个步骤) * 回收率(SPIKE RECOVERY)和其他QA/QC的效果一致 * 现已被美国环保署USEPA和食品药物管理局USFDA采用）

CONTENTS Introduction Mini-Multiresidue-Method (QuEChERS) Validation studies Solvent consumption Conclusions Reference

Geno QuECHERS_booklet2008 SOLID-PHASE METHOD FOR EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES 快捷，简单，节省成本，有效率，坚固和安全的提取农药残留固相法

Abstract Aims: To determine the ability of the southern green stink bug (SGSB) (Nezara viridula L.) to transmit Pantoea agglomerans into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) bolls

Thiamine confers systemic acquired resistance (SAR) on susceptible plants through priming, leading to rapid counterattack against pathogen invasion and perturbation of disease progress. Priming reduces the metabolic cost required for constitutive expression of acquired resistance. To investigate the effects of priming by thiamine on defense-related responses, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with thiamine and effects of pathogen challenge on the production of active oxygen species, callose deposition, hypersensitive cell death, and pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1)/Phe ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL1) gene expression was analyzed. Thiamine did not induce cellular and molecular defense responses except for transient expression of PR1 per se; however, subsequent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato challenge triggered pronounced cellular defense responses and advanced activation of PR1/PAL1 gene transcription. Thiamine treatment and subsequent pathogen invasion triggered hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose induction, and PR1/PAL1 transcription activation in Arabidopsis mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid (jar1), ethylene (etr1), or abscisic acid (abi3-3), but not in plants expressing bacterial NahG and lacking regulation of SAR (npr1 [nonexpressor of PR genes 1]). Moreover, removal of hydrogen peroxide by catalase almost completely nullified cellular and molecular defense responses as well as SAR abolishing bacterial propagation within plants. Our results indicated that priming is an important cellular mechanism in SAR by thiamine and requires hydrogen peroxide and inta

Within the framework of a TILLING project (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) nucleic acids from leaf material are to be isolated from potential mutants. First a representative range of EMS (Ethyl methane sulfonate)-mutants is produced from 2000-5000 M2 plants and identified through TILLING. TILLING technology is a new and very effective method of reverse genetics for the production and identification of loss/gain of function-mutations of commercially valuable genes without genetic modification. To establish a TILLING platform with automated DNA extraction and PCR amplification of target genes, nucleic acid extraction of consistent yield and good quality is necessary. The effective detection of point mutation occurs via hetero duplex formation between DNA molecules of wild type and mutant.

The harvested plant material (up to about 300 mg) is pre-weighed into 5ml polycarbonate vials (SPEX SamplePrep cat no. 2240- PC) suitable for use in 2000 Geno/Grinder® instrument. The tubes are then capped and placed immediately into liquid nitrogen (the time from harvest to freezing should be as short as possible) NB: Plant material can be harvested and frozen in any cryo-vial, then transferred to the Geno/Grinder tubes just before grinding if necessary.

Introduction Recent genomic efforts on toxigenic and nontoxigenic Aspergillus species have advanced our understanding of the biology and genetics of these filamentous fungi. However, it is clear that these complex experiments suffer greatly from the variability in the quality of RNA between each replicate and it is critical to establish a platform to isolate high quality RNA for use in both microarray and qRT-PCR. In that context we describe here RNA isolation of A. parasiticus during a simple carbohydrate shift.

Abstract A study was performed to discover what Geno/Grinder® processing variables significantly increased or decreased the yields of genomic DNA. Variables investigated included homogenization time and speed, while buffers, grinding media and tubes were constant. Comparison was done against another commercially available, cell lysing machine. In this experiment it was discovered that homogenization times of 90 seconds in the Geno/Grinder® at a speed of 2000 produces the best results.

High Throughput Disruption of Yeast in a 96-Well Format The wealth of information generated from years of biochemical, genetic, and molecular analyses has made yeasts both model biological systems and tools for biopharmaceutical scientists. Consequently, yeast are a popular host for gene expression studies and for the production of recombinant proteins. Though many yeast species are in use, including Pichia, Hansenula, and Debaryomyces, the most popular yeast continues to be Saccharomyces.

Sample collection, preparation and tissue grinding: Fresh samples of animal tissue were collected, trimmed to approximately 50 – 100 mg of wet weight, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –800C. The animals were man, dog, cat, mouse, cow, and horse, as well as fish and clams; see Table 1. Before DNA and/or RNA extraction, the tissues were transferred frozen to a deep-well titer plate standing on a block of dry ice. Each well contained two 4-mm stainless steel balls (SPEX CertiPrep cat. no. 2150) and 500 microliters of buffer (Applied Biosystems nucleic acid purification lysis buffer). The plates were sealed with a plastic cover and subjected to grinding in the 2000 Geno/Grinder for 2 minutes at a setting of 1000 strokes per minute. After 30 minutes at 40 C, lysates were used for either gDNA extraction or total RNA extraction. Conditions were optimized for an Applied Biosystems 6700 automated nucleic acid (ANA) workstation, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The final amount of tissue subjected to RNA and/or DNA extractions was between 10 and 20 mg.

Geno 2000 GenoGrinder Rate Conversion Chart 换算图

This document provides detailed information on test methods that will be used by the U.S.

FM Standard Operating Procedure for Determing Total Lead (Pb) in Non-Metal Children’s Products. 2/1/2009最新美国消费者产品安全委员会法规FM CPSC-CH-E1002-08 非金属儿童产品测定共计无铅（ Pb ）-美国消费者产品安全委员会法规

FM Pthalate article in USA today potential FM project 儿童产品测定邻苯二甲酸 美国新闻USA TODAY 8/5/2008

FM Pthalates + lead article USA today 儿童产品测定邻苯二甲酸及铅 美国新闻USA TODAY 因违反美国消费者产品安全委员会法规而付出庞大成本

Abstract A simple method combining slurry sampling after cryogenic grinding and the use of a permanent modification of the integrated platform inside the transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) was proposed for the determination of Cd and Pb in foods. Potentialities of the cryogenic grinding were evaluated for grinding different materials of difficult homogenization such as high fat and high fiber tissues. Animal and vegetal samples were cut into small pieces and ground in liquid nitrogen for 2 min. Slurries were prepared directly in the autosampler cup after cryogenic grinding by transferring an exact amount of homogeneous powdered material (5–20 mg) to the cup, followed by 1.00 mL of 0.2% (v/v) HNO3 containing 0.04% (v/v) Triton X-100 and sonication for 30 s, before transferring into the platform previously coated with 250 μg W and 200 μg Rh. Use of a tungsten carbide-rhodium permanent modifier combined with NH4H2PO4 conventional modifier improves tube lifetime and increases the pyrolysis temperature for Cd. Homogeneity tests, carried out by comparing the between- and within-batch precision for each kind of sample, showed no significant differences at the 95% confidence level, indicating good homogeneity for 5–20 mg masses. Detection limits were 3.3 ng g–1 Cd and 75 ng g–1 Pb for 1% m/v slurries. Results for determination of Cd and Pb in foods slurries were in agreement with those obtained with digested samples, since no statistical differences were found by the paired t-test at the 95% level.